Basic Accounting

Reserves

1. It is created by debiting the profit and loss appropriation account.

2. It is created to meet an unknown liability, or to strengthen the financial position of the company or for equalization of dividends etc.

3. A reserve is created only when there is profit in the business.

4. It can be distributed among shareholders as dividend.

5. The reserve is created without taking into consideration the actual amount required ex Read more

How Secret reserve is created?

A secret reserve is created by the following methods:

1. By under valuation of assets much below their cost or market value, such as investment, stock in trade, etc.

2. By not writing up the value of an asset, the price of which has permanently gone up.

3. By creating excessive reserve for bad and doubtful debts or discount on sundry debtors.

4. By providing, excessive depreciation on fixed assets.

In this series of articles we will also discuss:

1. Balance Sheet Explained

2. Trading and Profit and Loss Account

3. Adjustments of Final Accounts

Previously while discussing the basic accounting equation it was noted that A - L = P, where A represents assets (property and possession) owned by the business; L represents liabilities (claims against the business of the creditors) and P represents the proprietor’s funds (equity) in the business.,

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A balance sheet may be defined as “a statement prepared with a view to measure the exact financial position of a business on a certain date.

“It is prepared from the trial balance after all the balances of nominal accounts are transferred to trading and profit and loss account and corresponding accounts in the ledger are closed. The balances now left in the trial balance are either personal or real accounts. In other words, they either represent assets or liabilities exis Read more

The usual subsidiary books maintained under the double entry system of book-keeping are also maintained under the single entry system, but the postings are made from these subsidiary books of those entries which affect personal accounts. Real and nominal accounts are not maintained under this system. Since only one aspect of every transaction is usually recorded under this system, therefore, the system 1s called ’single entry system’. It should be noted that single entry system Read more

Explanation of Certain items of Profit and Loss Account

1. Salaries

Salaries are paid for the services of employees and are debited to profit and loss ac- count being indirect expense. If any salary has been paid to proprietor or partners, it should be shown separately because it requires special treatment at the time of income tax assessment.

2. Salaries and Wages

When wages account is included with salaries it treated is as indirect ex Read more

Many new businesses owners shun budgeting because they are unsure about what sort of cost to budget for. This article will shed some light on the type of cost a new daycare business owner is likely to incur.

Youve drawn up your business plan, decided on your marketing plan and even detailed your operations plan. Now you need to sit down to calculate how much money you will actually need. But how would you know how much you will need if you do not know what sort of cost yo Read more

A commercial mortgage is similar to a normal house mortgage, except it is taken out by a business and used for a business. The business can be a Ltd company, plc or a sole trader. Buy to let also comes under commercial mortgages as do small corner shops and salons.
The main difference of commercial mortgages to house mortgages is the LTV. (loan to value) That is the amount borrowed to the value of the house. In a normal case this is typically around 95%, but some building soc Read more